Safety Concept and Partial Factors for Bridge Assessment under Military Loading
Keywords:
Bridge assessment, military traffic, load simulation, safety conceptAbstract
The use of civilian bridges by military vehicles is in the NATO countries regulated and governed by STANAG 2021. This standard, however, does not fully deliver some of the essential aspects important to safe and reliable crossing of military vehicles over existing bridges. This paper aims at investigating the military loads and at developing partial factors that can be utilized during the assessment of bridges for military traffic. A number of factors must be taken into account including target reliability index and uncertainties related to dynamic amplification factor, static load due to military vehicle and applied model for load effect. The results show that the military partial factors can be generally considered in a range close to or smaller than those values given in civilian codes.
References
NATO Standardisation Agreement (STANAG) 2021. Military Load Classification of Bridges, Ferries, Rafts and Vehicles. Edition 6.
EN 1990:200. Eurocode – Basis of structural design.
FISCHER, A. Modification of partial safety factors for semi-probabilistic design of existing reinforced concrete structures (in German) [PhD Thesis]. Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 2010.
GHOSN M., SIVAKUMAR, B. and MIAO, F. Calibration of reliability-based load rating method for New York State. In Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering. London: Taylor & Francis Group, 2011. p.792-793.
VAL, D. and STEWART, M. Safety Factors for Assessment of Existing Structures. ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, 2002, vol. 128, no. 2, p. 258-265.
SÝKORA, M., HOLICKÝ, M and MARKOVÁ, J. Verification of Existing Reinforced Concrete Bridges using the Design Value Method. Engineering Structures, 2013, vol. 56, p. 1419-1426.
MALJAARS J., STEENBERGEN R. and ABSPOEL L. Safety Assessment of Existing Highway Bridges and Viaducts. Structural Engineering International,2012, vol. 1, p. 112-120.
ISO 13822:2010. Bases for design of structures - Assessment of existing structures.
CASPEELE, R., ALLAIX, DL., STEENBERGEN, RDJM. and SYKORA, M. The Design Value Method and Adjusted Partial Factor Approach for Existing Structures. Structural Engineering International, 2013, vol. 23, no. 4, p. 386-393.
LENNER, R., SYKORA, M. and KEUSER, M. Partial factors for military loads on bridges. In: Krivanek, V.; Stefek, A. (eds.):In Proc. ICMT'13. Brno: University of Defence, 2013, p. 409-418.
CRESPO-MINGUILLÓN, C. and CASAS, JR. Traffic Loads in EC-1. How do they suit to highway bridges in Spain. In Proceedings of IABSE Colloquium. Delft: The Netherlands, 1996, p. 521-527.
LENNER, R. Safety Concept and Partial Factors for Military Assessment of Existing Concrete Bridges [PhD Thesis]. Universität der Bundeswehr, 2014.
PRATT, M. Traffic load models for bridge design: recent developments and research, Prog Struct Engng Mater, 2001, vol. 3, no. 4, p. 326-334.
PAULTRE, P., CHAALLAL, O. and PROULX, J. Bridge dynamics and dynamic amplification factors – a review of analytical and experimental findings. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 1992, vol. 19, no. 2, p. 260-278.
HWANG, E.S. and NOWAK, AS., Simulation of dynamic load for bridges. ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, 1991, vol. 113, no. 9, p. 1413-1434.
GONZALES, A., DOWLING, J., O’BRIAN, EJ. and ZNIDARIC, A. Experimental determination of dynamic allowance for traffic loading in bridges, In Transportation Research Board 89th Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers. Washington: National Research Council, 2010.
JCSS:2010. Probabilistic Model Code.
ARCHES. Assessment and Rehabilitation of Central European Highway Structures, Deliverable D 15 [Research Report]. ARCHES-MG-AR04 2009.
BRAML, T., FISCHER, A., KEUSER, M. and SCHNELL, J. Reliability Assessment of Existing Structures under Shear Loading (in German). Beton- und Stahlbetonbau, 2009, vol. 104, no. 12, p. 798-812.
FABER, M. Risk and Safety in Civil, Surveying and Environmental Engineering [Course Notes]. Zürich: ETH, 2005.
HANSEN, M. Influence of inspection measures on concrete members (in German) [PhD Thesis]. Universität Hannover, 2004.
VROUWENVELDER, ACWM. and SCHOLTEN, N. Assessment Criteria for Existing Structures. Structural Engineering International 20 (2010), p. 62-65.
SÝKORA, M., LENNER, R. and MAŇAS, P. Optimum target reliability for bridges considering emergency situations. In Proc. 11th International Probabilistic Workshop. Brno: LITERA, 2013, p. 439-450.
Downloads
Published
License
Copyright (c) 2015 Advances in Military Technology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
Users can use, reuse and build upon the material published in the journal for any purpose, even commercially.
