The international journal of Advances in Military Technology is a peer reviewed journal that provides insight into theoretical considerations and practical innovations in military and security technology. The journal covers a broad spectrum of interests including research, development, design, manufacturing, control, utilization, reliability, sustainability, and the effectiveness of new technologies for military and security requirements. AiMT builds a bridge between theoretical perspectives and practical considerations that are of active interest to the academic, scientific, business and policy communities. The journal welcomes original contributions of theoretical and practical interest, which have not been submitted to other journals, nor previously published. All submissions are refereed in a peer review process by experts appointed by the Editorial Board. AiMT is published semi-annually in June and December. Contributions are only published in English. Prepared issue vol. 20 no. 2.
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Multi-Criteria Optimization of Complex Technical Systems
The wide functionality and high structural complexity of modern technical systems necessitate the search for new, universal methods for their optimization. The article proposes a multi-criteria optimization method, which allows ranking competitive configurations of complex technical systems in terms of formalized and non-formalized expression of optimality criteria.
Copyright (c) 2025 Advances in Military Technology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Selecting Double-Base Propellants for a 120 mm Mortar Rocket Assisted Projectile through DoE
Range extension of a 120 mm mortar projectile can be attained by a rocket motor within the grenade body. This study deals with the design of experiments-based methodology to identify double-base propellant compositions conceptually feasible for such a motor, from a thermochemical viewpoint. Formulations were defined under low vulnerability and green principles, using Minitab® Statistical Software, following mixture design techniques to account for intrinsic constraints. The thermochemical behavior of these formulations was simulated with a specialized software, taking theoretical characteristic velocity c* as a performance indicator. An empirical model was then fitted, permitting the identification of a set of favorable compositions leading to c* enhancement, regarding a reference double-base propellant, thus unveiling the design possibility of rocket motor downsizing.
Research on Coil Design to Improve Performance of Disc-Shaped Magnetorheological Brakes
This study investigates the impact of various coil parameters on the working efficiency of disc-form magnetorheological brakes (MRBs). While earlier research predominantly addressed coil shape and count, the present work examines less-explored factors, including coil installation position and conductor diameter. Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations were performed to analyze the relationships among braking torque, coil geometry, and applied current, with a particular focus on enhancing the torque-to-mass ratio (T/M) to optimize both performance and cost-effectiveness. Results demonstrate that reducing the air gap between the coil and the MR fluid layer effectively concentrates magnetic flux, yielding a substantial increase in braking torque. The study offers comprehensive insights into coil design and configuration and proposes recommendations to improve MRB performance while maintaining economic feasibility.
Camouflage Woven Fabric Hooded Cloak for Protection against Thermal Surveillance Imagers
This article enumerates a number of up-to-date achievements in the field of creating metamaterials that can theoretically be used when manufacturing the means of camouflage for armed forces personnel. A high-performance version of the design of camouflage hooded cloak for protecting servicemen is presented. The presence of slot air flaps for the air exchange via thermal convection between the external environment and the internal cavity of the cloak will prevent the formation of unwanted zones of localized heat concentration with the presence of an elevated temperature on the surface of the cloak fabric in the course of a long period of use. Prototypes of such a design of an invisibility cloak have successfully passed tests during combat operations in Ukraine.
Autonomous Weapons Systems Guided by Agentic AI:Lessons for Morocco’s Security and Defense
In this research, we aim to explore the implication of Autonomous Weapon Systems (AWS) within the context of Moroccan security and defense. To achieve this, we analyze the ethical and strategic dimensions associated with the integration of these systems. While AWS present certain advantages and potential benefits, their adoption could also undermine Morocco’s regulatory and technological governance frameworks, thereby increasing risks to national security and defense. Our approach includes a comprehensive literature review, a comparative analysis of notable international cases, and a detailed examination of key documents. Based on this analysis, we seek to provide clear guidelines and practical recommendations to support the responsible integration of AWS into Morocco’s security and defense infrastructure.
Design of a Low Frequency, Wideband Tonpilz Transducer for Sonar Applications
Tonpilz transducers are the most widely used transducers for sonar applications due to their good acoustic performance, simple construction, ease of array formation and long service life. However, the large size and mass required for low-frequency transducers limit their typical use to frequencies above 2 kHz. Another limitation is its low bandwidth. In this paper, an attempt is made to design a transducer with a resonance frequency of 1 kHz and a source level of 190 dB or more with a useful bandwidth of more than two octaves. The finite element method is used to model the transducer and to study the effect of important parameters on Transmitting Voltage Response (TVR). Based on the study an optimum design is proposed. The studies reveal that the dimensions of the piezoceramic stack and head mass significantly affect TVR.
Design and Validation of a Low Frequency Anti-Vibration Mount using NBR-Carbon Fiber Composite
The vibrations generated by onboard machinery can adversely impact stealth of marine platforms. Designers typically mitigate the source of vibration; however additional passive anti-vibration mounts have to be used for isolating equipment above a specific frequency threshold. This study focuses on the development, testing, and comparative evaluation of composite anti-vibration mounts incorporating short carbon fiber reinforcement in an NBR matrix. Three damping elements designs were optimized based on the stress-strain properties of five NBR compositions with varying short-fiber loading. The research involved designing and testing the mounts, FEM of the materials, FEA of the mounts, and experimental validation. Among the tested designs, model-2 with 2 parts per hundred rubber (phr) fiber loading demonstrated superior vibration damping performance for low-frequency applications.
Innovative Concept of Augmented Reality Training for Countering UAVs
Contemporary armed conflicts are characterized by the increasing use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). One key approach is firearm-based defense. This paper presents the concept of an innovative trainer based on augmented reality (AR) technology. The system integrates a virtual environment generated by the Unreal Engine in real-time (including realistic models of drones and firearms) with real-world maps displayed through HoloLens 2 glasses. The paper covers the technical design and implementation, enabling battlefield simulation. The prototype includes features such as dynamic training scenario generation, real-time user position synchronization, and realistic UAV behavior simulation. Findings highlight AR’s potential in military training while addressing challenges like GPS integration and cross-environment synchronization. The system demonstrates selected capabilities for the future of military training.
Assessment of the Defeating Effectiveness of Ballistic Missiles by Air Defense Systems
Combating tactical and short-range ballistic missiles in modern military conflicts is the most critical task of the air defense forces. The paper describes a method for assessing the effectiveness of hitting tactical and short-range ballistic missiles by an anti-aircraft missile system, which considers the time characteristics of the stages of the combat operation process of an anti-aircraft missile system. The anti-aircraft missile system functions as a part of the tactical missile defense system. The method is advisable to use when deciding to protect facilities from ballistic missile strikes.
probability distribution density of time characteristic
Calculation of Frequency-Territorial Separation Norms for Decimeter Radio-Electronic Means
The paper considers the main models of radio wave propagation used in the calculation of radio lines in the line-of-sight area. It has been shown that to calculate the frequency-territorial separation norms, the Vvedensky reflective model is advisable. The methodology for calculating the frequency-territorial separation norms and the peculiarities of its application for radio-electronic means operating in the decimeter-wave range are determined. Failure to take into account the attenuation multiplier during radio wave propagation within the scope of the Vvedensky formula leads to an error in the calculation of the interference power at the input of the interference receiver-receptor and to an erroneous increase in frequency separation during the development of frequency-territorial separation norms for decimeter radio-electronic means.
Experimental and Numerical Study on the Influence of Liner Height on Explosively Formed Projectiles
Explosively Formed Projectiles (EFP) are widely used in both military and civilian sectors for their ability to strike distant targets effectively. This study investigates EFP formation and penetration using Ansys Autodyn simulations and experimental validation. Focusing on the EFP warhead structure, it analyzes how liner height influences projectile performance. Results show that variations in liner height significantly affect the EFP’s velocity, penetration depth, and diameter in steel targets. The study finds that an optimal liner height between 0.2 and 0.3 times the liner diameter yields the best projectile shape and dynamics. These findings offer practical guidance for selecting liner geometry in EFP warhead design.
Design of a Passive Heat-Rejecting Thermal ImagingLens for Long-Wave Infrared (LWIR)
The paper presents a method for calculating a thermal imaging objective lens working with an uncooled detector in the long-wave infrared (LWIR) spectral region with the ability to passively remove optical heat based on the selection of appropriate materials. The objective lens optical system consists of only 3 spherical lenses made from three types of infrared materials with different refractive indices and dispersions. The simulation results show that the thermal imaging objective lens optical system has good quality, fully meeting the requirements for image quality, with the ability to completely passively remove heat.
Assessing Readiness Levels for Implementation of Industry 4.0 Technologies in Military Maintenance Depots
Industry 4.0(I4.0) is transforming manufacturing and maintenance processes across various sectors in the world. This paper assesses I4.0 readiness levels in Indian Military Aircraft and Systems Maintenance Depots (MASMDs). Current readiness models often lack dimensions relevant for military maintenance. This research evaluates five diverse MASMDs across different platforms, analyzing data based on aircraft type, systems type, depot size, workload, and technological capabilities. The results reveal varying I4.0 readiness levels among depots and identify critical improvement areas. The findings provide insights for defense organizations planning digital transformation in maintenance facilities. Future research could extend to other military maintenance domains or compare readiness across different nations' armed forces.
Selected Problems in Friction Stir Welding of Titanium and Aluminum Armor Grade Alloys
In this paper, authors reported selected problems in friction stir welding (FSW) of 5 mm-thick AA7075-T651 and 3 mm-thick Ti6Al4V. The investigation involved macro and micro-structure analysis and mechanical testing. The welded joints of Ti6Al4V were characterized by the presence of backing plate steel fragments and tungsten particles in the bottom part of the stir zone (SZ) and thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), which resulted in a relatively low value of joint efficiency (60 %). The investigation on AA7075-T651 was concerned with high-speed FSW (HSFSW) using the MX Triflute tool. In all cases, defective welded joints have been obtained (incomplete root penetration, voids in the SZ) with the best result of joint efficiency of about 59 %.
Copyright (c) 2024 Advances in Military Technology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Scheduling Techniques for Real-Time Systemsfor Defense Applications on Multicore Processors
The real-time scheduling of tasks of any application software is an important requirement in defense applications. This paper explains partitioning and scheduling techniques in the real-time implementation of any defense system on embedded multicore processors with Linux as the operating system. A typical sonar system is considered as the reference to elaborate partitioning and scheduling techniques. This can be extended to any defense applications like radars, missiles, etc. This paper describes the Partitioned Earliest Deadline First (PART-EDF) scheduling algorithm integrated into LITMUSRT real-time Linux kernel to enhance task schedulability. The proposed system partitions computationally intensive, periodic operations like filtering, beam forming, target classification, etc., and sporadic operations like input and control functions onto different clusters on the multi-core processors.
The article summarizes the results of research into phishing threats and attacks over a multi-year period. Obtained phishing emails are subject to statistical, frequency, and content analysis; messages are classified according to the content into five segments: Business, Fund, Charity, Transfer, and Others. An experiment of communicating with phishing attackers is described; necessary security measures are set for this. Protection against phishing attacks is solved by filtering incoming mail on the Microsoft Outlook client while applying rules with keywords obtained from individual segments. In a broader context, the cyber security of email communication is explained, and commercial tools for defense against phishing attacks are described. The usability of research results is also assumed in the education of university students and the training of employees of companies and organizations.
Comparisons Using Methods of Continuum Mechanics and Monte Carlo at Differentially Pumped Chamber
The article deals with the analysis of gas flows in pumped canals in differential pumped chamber of the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM). The article compares and verifies existing results of differentially pumped chamber flow simulation from ANSYS Fluent system, which uses the mechanics of continuum, with the ones published by D. Danilatos using the Monte Carlo method.
Copyright (c) 2016 Advances in Military Technology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Combining Template Matching and Background Subtraction Techniques to Detect Objects in Infrared Video Sequences
In this paper, an algorithm is introduced combining a template matching technique with background subtraction to detect moving targets on a road captured on video using a static camera. The designed algorithm based on combining the two techniques is to reduce the difficulties in background estimation and improve the processing time, etc. The proposed algorithm was tested in two different video sequences. The first video sequence was filmed with stabilized camera, while the second video was acquired with unstable camera. The results in both cases indicated that the background subtraction algorithm is successful in detecting moving objects and the template matching technique is suitable for object replacement from background frame to acquire the standard background frame.
Language Representations Based on C-BML and Their Processing
The paper tries to put together one computer languages view on Battle Management Languages (BMLs) with the current C-BML Phase 1 Standard: We present a case study on creating language representations by means of formal parsable context-free grammars and corresponding language processors in the area of military C2 systems utilizing the standardized C-BML data structures. We point out how techniques and tools previously used in the area of compilers (namely Flex, Bison) are exploitable in the military domain and thus might be helpful in integration of national command and control systems and deployment in multinational environment. We start with an introduction to C-BML principles and data model; next we describe the basis for our (Slovak) language representation followed by its specification in the form of a parsable context-free grammar; next follows the section devoted to the lexical, syntactic, and semantic processing of the language representation with the utilisation of Flex and Bison tools.
Acceptable Risk in Military Bridge Evaluation
In military bridge evaluation, acceptable life-safety risk in crossings should be aligned with the acceptable life-safety risk of the associated military operation. A continuum of acceptable life-safety risk exists for military operations, thus a continuum of acceptable life-safety risk for military vehicles crossing bridges exists. The paper relates military mission life-safety acceptable risk levels to acceptable bridge crossing life-safety risk in an approximate quantitative manner. A continuum of acceptable life-safety risk for military bridge crossings provides flexibility in mission planning and execution, while providing engineers a basis to conduct military bridge evaluation that is consistent with the mission intent.
Fault Detection and Diagnosis Based on Extensions of PCA
The paper presents two approaches for fault detection and discrimination based on extensions of principal component analysis (PCA). The first approach proposes the concept of y-indices through use of a transposed formulation of the data matrices utilized in traditional PCA. The y-indices are introduced to measure the differences between sensor reading datasets in the ‘sensor domain’ rather than as traditionally employed in the time domain. This addresses problems associated with traditional PCA methods when measurement data is subject to bias and drifting due to transient power demand or load changes, for instance, which can lead to excessive false alarms. Residual errors (REs) and faulty sensor identification indices (FSIIs) are introduced in the second approach, where REs are generated from the residual sub-space of PCA, which is used to detect abnormal operating conditions, and FSIIs are introduced to supplement the REs in order to classify sensor- or component-faults. The methods are employed in a time rolling window on field data from a gas turbine system during commissioning. It is shown that in-operation sensor faults can be detected through use of both y-indices and REs and FSIIs, and sensor faults and component faults can be discriminated. The techniques are generic, and will find use in many military systems with complex, safety critical control and sensor arrangements.
Applied Sensor Fault Detection, Identification and Data Reconstruction
Sensor fault detection and identification (SFD/I) has attracted considerable attentions in military applications, especially where the safety issues present priority drivers. This paper presents two readily implementable approaches for SFD/I in complex systems. Firstly, hierarchical clustering (HC) approach is demonstrated for use on gas turbines. SFD/I is achieved by monitoring cluster changes occurring in the resulting dendrograms, by comparing to HC fingerprints that are developed for ‘normal’ operation. In the second approach, using self organizing map neural networks (SOMNNs), SFD/I is performed according to the classification of changes from neural network outputs, and again comparing to fingerprints for ‘normal’ operation. The proposed methods are capable of detecting sensor faults from large groups of sensors. In contrast to many traditional methods of SFD/I that require the detection and identification of faulted sensors in multiple stages, the proposed methods are capable of achieving SFD/I in a single stage. It is shown that the SOMNN classifications and the HC dendrograms provide commensurate detection and identification outputs, whilst also allowing for convenient operator use through graphical interpretations of their outputs. Furthermore, after identifying a faulted sensor, it is possible in some circumstances to reconstruct the measurements expected from that sensor (using the remaining non-faulted sensor information) and thereby facilitate improved unit availability. The efficacy of the proposed approaches is demonstrated through the use of experimental measurements from gas turbines, although ultimately the underlying principles are applicable to other complex industrial and military systems. The presented techniques are now fully operational and monitoring a fleet of gas turbines in real-time.
Model for Predicting Microhardness Profiles of Steel after Nitriding
The plasma nitriding process produces a hard near-surface thin layer of the nitrided material. The thickness of the diffused layer, produced in the course of this process, is between 0.001 and 0.6 mm. The paper presents a study of influence of the nitriding temperature, pressure, and time on the steel microhardness profiles. The one-dimensional transient diffusion model is applied to a thin nitride layer. That allows one to predict the material hardness distribution within the near-surface layer as a function of time for a modified nitrogen diffusion coefficient. The temperature and pressure dependence of the diffusion coefficient is considered. Hence, the model involves the reaction rates of nitrides formation. The solution thus obtained is compared with experimental data for a decrease of hardness as a function of depth and time, until the core hardness is reached.
Copyright (c) 2013 Advances in Military Technology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Study on Effects of Process Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of 40 mm L70 Cartridge Case
The study investigates the effects of process parameters on the mechanical properties of the 40 × 365 mm L70 cartridge case used in HEI-T shells for anti-aircraft applications. The parameters examined include the ironing ratio during the deep drawing process, annealing temperature, and heat holding time during annealing. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of each parameter throughout the manufacturing process. The Taguchi method was employed to identify the optimal conditions for maximizing the tensile strength and relative elongation of the material used in the cartridge case, while minimizing the number of experiments required.
Capabilities and Limitations of Military Helicopter Wire Strike Protection Systems
The aim of this article is to identify the functional limits of wire cutters, which are an integral part of passive protection systems designed to protect certain civil and military helicopters from damage caused by wire strikes. These limits are not well-known and are not explicitly stated by the manufacturers. The primary result of the study is an annotated specification of the functional capabilities and limitations of wire cutters mounted on helicopter structures in relation to the type of wire to be cut, flight speed and other circumstances. A further finding is that the stated capabilities and limitations of these technical systems may not be known and available to flight crews in different countries around the world for various reasons.
Influence of Double Cone Liner Shape on Jet Characteristics of Shaped Charge
This article deals with a simulation of the influence of double cone liner shape on the jet characteristics of a small-sized shaped charge by ANSYS AUTODYN software. The results prove that, with a smaller apex angle, a smaller base angle, and a larger distance from the top of the liner to the transition position of the cone angle, the jet velocity and jet length will be larger. For a 40 mm shaped charge used in the study, a double cone liner with shape parameters including an apex angle of 40°, a base angle of 60°, and a cone angle transition position from the top of the liner at a value equal to 0.3 times, the base diameter is predicted to provide the best jet performance. The research results are the basis for evaluating the influence of liner shape on the jet formation process and designing a double cone liner for small-sized shaped charges.
Soil Conductivity: An Important Factor for Detecting Landmine Threats and Terrain Rehabilitation
Post-war demining of territories is a global problem. Further research is required because none of the technical methods for mine detection are satisfactory in terms of basic parameters. The soil electric conductivity index may be taken into consideration as a completely touchy indicator of diverse residences of the soil without digging into the soil. Soil properties show high variability in space and time. Atypical heterogeneous objects of anthropogenic origin (by shape and material of manufacture) can be identified by maps of variations in the electromagnetic properties of the soil. Electromagnetic properties of the soil, mainly electric conductivity and magnetic susceptibility, have an effect on the operation of steel detectors, which can be historically most usually used for demining territories.
Quality Improving of the Air Traffic Controller Selection Process at the University of Defence
This study analyses the admission procedure for air traffic controller specialization applicants at the University of Defence in the Czech Republic. SWOT analysis identified strengths in the historically proven selection and it has also identified weaknesses in the assessment of air traffic controller-specific psychomotor skills. Key opportunities include integrating simulation technologies and enhancing collaboration with secondary schools. Key threats stem from outdated processes misaligned with Generation Z preferences and their declining interest in military fields. Recommended strategies focus on modernising the admissions process through simulation-based exercises, improving the promotion of the specialization, and adapting to the preferences of the current and future generation. The study provides a basis for evidence-based improvements in military air traffic controller candidate selection, emphasising a balanced approach between traditional and innovative assessment methods.
Composite Index for 2SFCA Based Accessibility Comparison and Field Hospitals Distribution Analysis along the Frontline
Two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) indices serve to measure accessibility in a geographical area. They were developed mainly to investigate the distribution of medical resources to civilians. Recently, the 2SFCA methodology was introduced to a military background where accessibility of field hospitals along a frontline is considered. This article aims to develop a new composite index with a clear interpretation that allows accessibility to be compared for two distinct situations in the following setting. In the first situation, accessibility is calculated and then the situation changes which impacts accessibility as well. The composite index that is developed in this article then interprets the change and assigns to it an interpretable numerical value. The final composite index is a weighted mean of eleven properties of accessibility indices. Furthermore, the developed index is appropriated for the use in military environment to investigate the distribution of field hospitals along a frontline.
Analysis of the Impact of Operatorʼs Activity on the Control System of Unmanned Aerial Vehiclesles Analysis
The article describes the results of the experimental study on the influence of operator’s activities on the control system of a heterogeneous unmanned aerial vehicles’ group. The proposed mathematical apparatus allows to present the actions of the operator as part of the automated control system, to carry out a quantitative assessment of the efficiency of the operator’s actions. It also allows to evaluate the impact of the results of this activity on the effectiveness of solving tasks in the control system of an unmanned aerial vehicles’ group. The given experimental data and obtained laws of distribution of various random variables can be used in modelling the activity of the operator in complex control systems of an unmanned aerial vehicles’ group. Management of operators’ activity models enables to improve the quality of the development of decision support system.