Early-Stage Analysis of Air Independent Propulsion Based on Fuel Cells for Small Submarines
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3849/aimt.01744Keywords:
air independent propulsion, fuel cell, indiscretion ratio, submarine, enduranceAbstract
This paper presents an analysis of the results of a hybrid air independent propulsion based on fuel cells for small submarines. The weight and volume of the investigated propulsion, and the major tactical and technical characteristics of the 540-tonne submarine equipped with this propulsion have been determined. Five onboard systems for the hydrogen storage or generation, and the oxygen storage are considered. Combining a micro-balloon hydrogen system with the cryogenic oxygen storage is the best solution for the propulsion. The submerged endurance and range improved 32.1-64.8 times, as compared to just battery. The indiscretion ratio equals zero at cruising speeds of less than 7.1 knots, while at higher speeds, this value has dramatically decreased, and submarine secrecy has increased significantly.
References
SUTTON, H.I. Compact but Deadly: World Small Submarine Projects Compared [online]. 2021 [viewed 2022-08-08]. Available from: http://www.hisutton.com/World-Small-Submarines-Compared.html
GHOSH, P.C. and U. VASUDEVA. Analysis of 3000 T Class Submarines Equipped with Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells. Energy, 2011, 36(5), pp. 3138-3147. DOI 10.1016/j.energy.2011.03.003.
BRIGHTON, D.R., P.L. MART, G.A. CLARK and M.J.M. ROWAN. The Use of Fuel Cells to Enhance the Underwater Performance of Conventional Diesel Elec-tric Submarines. Journal of Power Sources, 1994, 51(3), pp. 375-389. DOI 10.1016/0378-7753(94)80106-1.
XING, H., C. STUART, S. SPENCE and H. CHEN. Fuel Cell Power Systems for Maritime Applications: Progress and Perspectives. Sustainability, 2021, 13(3), 1213. DOI 10.3390/su13031213.
BIERT, L. van, M. GODJEVAC, K. VISSER and P.V. ARAVIND. A Review of Fuel Cell Systems for Maritime Application. Journal of Power Sources, 2016, 327, pp. 345-364. DOI 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.07.007.
HAN, I-S, B-K KHO and S. CHO. Development of a Polymer Electrolyte Mem-brane Fuel Cell Stack for a Submerged Vehicle. Journal of Power Sources, 2016, 304, pp. 244-254. DOI 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.11.049.
LEE, J-C and T. SHAY. Analysis of Fuel Cell Applied for Submarine Air Inde-pendent Propulsion (AIP) System. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 2018, 26(5), pp. 657-666. DOI 10.6119/JMST.201810_26(5).0005.
STOLTEN, D. and B. EMONTS. Hydrogen Science and Engineering: Materials, Processes, Systems and Technology. Hoboken: Wiley, 2016. ISBN 978-3-527-33238-0.
SUNDÉN, B. Hydrogen, Batteries and Fuel Cells. Heidelberg: Springer, 2019. ISBN 978-0-12-816950-6.
PSOMA, A. and G. SATTLER. Fuel Cell Systems for Submarines: From the First Idea to Serial Production. Journal of Power Sources, 2002, 106(1-2), pp. 381-383. DOI 10.1016/S0378-7753(01)01044-8.
Marine Generator [online]. [viewed 2022-08-08]. Available from: https://www.cat.com/en_US/products/new/power-systems/marine-power-systems/marine-generator-sets.html
Baudouin Marine Generator Sets [online]. [viewed 2022-08-04]. Available from: https://baudouin.com/marine-generators/K19-CP for Marine [online]. [viewed 2022-08-01]. Available from: https://www.cummins.com/generators/k19-cp
KORMILITSIN, Y.N. and O.A. KHALIZEV. Theory of Submarine Design. En-field: Riviera Maritime Media, 2001. ISBN 978-0-9541446-0-9.
D’AMORE-DOMENECH, R., M.A. RASO, A. VILLALBA-HERREROS, O. SANTIAGO, E. NAVARRO and T.J. LEO. Autonomous Underwater Vehicles Powered by Fuel Cells: Design Guidelines. Ocean Engineering, 2018, 153, pp. 387-398. DOI 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.01.117.
LUO, N., G.H. MILEY, K.-J. KIM, R. BURTON and X. HUANG. NaBH4/H2O2 Fuel Cells for Air Independent Power Systems. Journal of Power Sources, 2008, 185(2), pp. 685-690. DOI 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.08.090.
GUEVARA, A.M., T.J. LEO and M.A. HERREROS. Fuel Cell Power Systems for Autonomous Submerged Vehicles: State of the Art. In: 1st International e-Conference on Energies [online], 2014 [viewed 2022-08-08]. Available from: https://sciforum.net/manuscripts/2345/manuscript.pdf
Downloads
Published
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Advances in Military Technology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
Users can use, reuse and build upon the material published in the journal for any purpose, even commercially.
How to Cite
